Bibliographic record
Abstract
During most of the nineteenth century, coal fueled the world's most technologically advanced economies. Oil began to displace coal at the onset of the twentieth century when the British recognized its military potential. Marcus Samuel, the head of Shell, began campaigning to convert the British Navy from coal to oil (Sampson 1976). Initially, the admirals resisted his proposal, suspecting that it had been motivated by self-interest. They also had doubts about the technical feasibility of using oil. Nevertheless Samuel managed to convince the First Sea Lord, Admiral Fisher, of the soundness of his ideas. Whether Samuel's offer of a Shell directorship played a role in his conversion is still a matter of conjecture (ibid.). Fisher found an ally in Winston Churchill, who became First Lord of the Admiralty in 1 91 1 . Fearing the growing strength of the German Navy, Churchill wanted to ensure the supremacy of the British fleet in the war that he knew was sure to come. In 1912 he established the Royal Corn-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.021 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".