Comparison of Borehole Thermal Resistance Values of Ground Heat Exchanger Obtained by Several Methods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Ground-Coupled or Source Heat Pump (GCHP/GSHP) system is increasingly being considered as an alternative to traditional cooling/heating system because it can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. The GCHP/GSHP system uses sustainable ground temperature to emit heat during the summer and to extract heat during the winter. It is a ubiquitous system because it can be used at any time or place and semi-permanent energy. The geothermal system is composed of Ground Heat Exchanger (GHE), heat pump and load facilities. The GHE is embedded in a borehole, which is made up of GHE and grout. The borehole thermal resistance is the most important parameter in designing the geothermal system because it shows the quantity of heat transfer in the borehole. There are many methods to estimate the borehole thermal resistance. Thermal Performance Tests (TPTs) were conducted to directly measure the borehole thermal resistance of several kinds of GHEs. Then the experiment results and analytical results were compared in order to select the most accurate methods to evaluate the borehole thermal resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".