Plasma Heating of Carbonate Formations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Calcium carbonate rock samples were exposed to high temperature argon plasma to investigate the efficiency of plasma heating for fracturing carbonate formations. Plasma temperature can change the basic properties of the rock through fracture and calcination, which in turn can result in a significant increase in its porosity and permeability. Several calcium carbonate cores with a diameter of 25.4 mm and a height of 29 mm were subjected to axial plasma heating at different temperatures and for different periods of time. The experimental results indicated that the top surface temperatures of the samples ranged from 800°C to 900°C and the temperature reached steady state within 4 min. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and porosity analysis of the treated samples indicated significant changes in the basic structure of the rocks and a substantial increase in both porosity and permeability. A mathematical model was developed to predict the temperature distribution along the axis of the heated sample and to estimate the time needed to achieve steady state. The model predictions were in good agreement with experimental results. Keywords: carbonate formationsfracturingmodelingplasma heatingstimulation ACKNOWLEDGMENT The financial support of the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada is gratefully acknowledged.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".