← Back to cohort
Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Nicholas J Kassebaum, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Megan Coggeshall, Katya Anne Shackelford, Caitlyn Steiner, Kyle R Heuton, Diego González-Medina, Ryan M Barber, Chantal Huynh, Daniel Dicker, Tara Templin, Timothy M Wolock, Ayşe Abbasoğlu Özgören, Foad Abd-Allah, Semaw Ferede Abera, Ibrahim Abubakar, Tom Achoki, Ademola Adelekan, Zanfina Ademi, Arsène Kouablan Adou, José Carmelo Adsuar, Emilie Agardh, Dickens Akena, Deena Alasfoor, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Rafael Alfonso‐Cristancho, Samia Alhabib, Raghib Ali, Mazin J Al Kahbouri, François Alla, Peter J. Allen, Mohammad A. AlMazroa, Ubai Alsharif, Elena Álvarez, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Adansi A. Amankwaa, Azmeraw T. Amare, Walid Ammar, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Johan Ärnlöv, Valentina Arsić‐Arsenijević, Ali Artaman, Majed Asad, Rana J Asghar, Reza Assadi, Lydia S Atkins, Alaa Badawi, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Arindam Basu, Sanjay Basu, Justin Beardsley, Neeraj Bedi, Tolesa Bekele, Michelle L. Bell, Eduardo Bernabé, Tariku J. Beyene, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Aref Bin Abdulhak, Jed D Blore, Berrak Bora Başara, Dipan Bose, Nicholas J. K. Breitborde, Rosario Cárdenas, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Rubén Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alanur Çavlin, Jung‐Chen Chang, Xuan Che, Costas A. Christophi, Sumeet S. Chugh, Massimo Círillo, Samantha Colquhoun, Leslie T. Cooper, Cyrus Cooper, Iúri da Costa Leite, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Adrian Davis, Anand Dayama, Louisa Degenhardt, Diego De Leo, Borja del Pozo Cruz, Kebede Deribe, Muluken Dessalegn, Gabrielle deVeber, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Uğur Dilmen, Eric L. Ding, Rob Dorrington, Tim Driscoll, Ermakov Sp, Alireza Esteghamati, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Farshad Farzadfar, Manuela Felício, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Graça Maria Ferreira de Lima, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Elisabeth Barboza França, Lynne Gaffikin, Кетеван Гамбашидзе, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Ana Cristina Garcia, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Katherine B. Gibney, Maurice Giroud, Elizabeth Glaser, Ketevan Goginashvili, Philimon Gona, Dinorah González‐Castell, Atsushi Goto, Hebe Gouda, H. C. Gugnani, Rahul Gupta, Nima Hafezi‐Nejad, Randah R Hamadeh, Mouhanad Hammami, Graeme J. Hankey, Hilda L Harb, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Hans W. Hoek, Hung Chak Ho, Damian G Hoy, Abdullatif Husseini, Bulat Idrisov, Kaire Innos, Manami Inoue, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Eiman Jahangir, Sun Ha Jee, Paul N. Jensen, Vivekanand Jha, Guohong Jiang, Jost B. Jonas, Knud Juel, Edmond K. Kabagambe, Haidong Kan, Nadim E Karam, André Karch, Corine Karema, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Konstantin Kazanjan, Dhruv S Kazi, Andrew H. Kemp, André Pascal Kengne, Maia Kereselidze, Yousef Khader, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Young‐Ho Khang, Luke D. Knibbs, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Soewarta Kosen, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Chanda Kulkarni, Veena S. Kulkarni, G Anil Kumar, Kaushalendra Kumar, Ravi Kumar, Gene F. Kwan, Taavi Lai, Ratilal Lalloo, Hilton Y. Lam, Van Charles Lansingh, Anders Larsson, Jong-Tae Lee, James Leigh, Mall Leinsalu, Ricky Leung, Xiaohong Li, Li Y, Yongmei Li, Juan Liang, Xiaofeng Liang, Stephen S Lim, Hsien-Ho Lin, Steven E. Lipshultz, Shiwei Liu, Yang Liu, Belinda Lloyd, Stephanie J. London, Paulo A. Lotufo, Jixiang Ma, Stefan Ma, Vasco Machado, Nana Kwaku Mainoo, Marek Majdán, Christopher Chabila Mapoma, Wagner Marcenes, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Amanda J. Mason‐Jones, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Fabiola Mejía‐Rodríguez, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, Ted R. Miller, Edward J Mills, Ali H. Mokdad, Glen Mola, Lorenzo Monasta, Jonathan de la Cruz Monis, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Ami R. Moore, Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh, Rintaro Mori, Ulrich Müeller, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, Aliya Naheed, Kovin Naidoo, Devina Nand, Vinay Nangia, Denis Nash, Chakib Nejjari, Robert G. Nelson, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Charles R. Newton, Marie Ng, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Sandra Nolte, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Luke Nyakarahuka, In‐Hwan Oh, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Saad B Omer, John Nelson Opio, Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Jeyaraj Pandian, Christina Papachristou, Jae‐Hyun Park, Scott B. Patten, Vinod K Paul, Boris Pavlin, Neil Pearce, David M. Pereira, Konrad Pesudovs, Max Petzold, Dan Poenaru, Guilherme V. Polanczyk, Suzanne Polinder, Daniel Pope, Farshad Pourmalek, Dima M. Qato, D. Alex Quistberg, Anwar Rafay, Kazem Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Murugesan Raju, Amany Refaat, Luca Ronfani, Nobhojit Roy, Tania Georgina Sánchez Pimienta, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Joshua A. Salomon, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Itamar S Santos, Monika Sawhney, Félix Sayinzoga, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Austin E Schumacher, David C. Schwebel, Soraya Seedat, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván‐Mori, Marina Shakh-Nazarova, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Kenji Shibuya, Hwashin Hyun Shin, Ivy Shiue, Inga Dóra Sigfúsdóttir, Donald H. Silberberg, Andrea P. Silva, Jasvinder A. Singh, Vegard Skirbekk, Karen Sliwa, Sergey Soshnikov, Luciano A. Sposato, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Lela Sturua, Bryan L. Sykes, Karen M. Tabb, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Feng Tan, Carolina Maria Teixeira, Eric Y. Tenkorang, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Andrew Thorne‐Lyman, Jeffrey A Towbin, Bach Xuan Tran, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Uche S Uchendu, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Selen Begüm Uzun, Andrew Vallely, Coen H. van Gool, Tommi Vasankari, Monica S. Vavilala, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Salvador Villalpando, Francesco Saverio Violante, Vasily Vlassov, Theo Vos, Stephen G. Waller, Haidong Wang, Xiao-Rong Wang, Yanping Wang, Scott Weichenthal, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G Weintraub, Ronny Westerman, James D. Wilkinson, Solomon Woldeyohannes, John Q. Wong, Muluemebet Abera Wordofa, Gelin Xu, Yang Claire Yang, Yuichiro Yano, Gökalp Kadri Yentür, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok‐Jun Yoon, Mustafa Z Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Kim Yun Jin, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Yong Zhao, Yingfeng Zheng, Maigeng Zhou, Jun Zhu, Xiao Zou, Alan D López, Mohsen Naghavi, Christopher J L Murray, Rafael Lozano
Bibliographic record
VenueThe Lancet · 2014
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicGlobal Maternal and Child Health
Canadian institutionsMemorial University of NewfoundlandUniversity of TorontoWestern UniversityHealth CanadaMcMaster UniversityUniversity of CalgaryPublic Health Agency of CanadaUniversity of OttawaHospital for Sick ChildrenUniversité de MontréalUniversity of British ColumbiaSickKids Foundation
FundersEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentUppsala UniversitetMedical Research CouncilPlan Nacional sobre DrogasUniversity at AlbanyAddis Ababa UniversitySri Ramachandra UniversityBahir Dar UniversityUniversity of MissouriSichuan UniversityMinisterio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e IgualdadAllerganUniversidade de São PauloGenentechFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloRijksuniversiteit GroningenCollege of Medicine, Seoul National UniversityJordan University of Science and TechnologyUniversity of OxfordWayne State UniversityQueen Mary University of LondonSouth African Medical Research CouncilArkansas State UniversityNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchPublic Health Agency of CanadaMadawalabu UniversityWellcome TrustNational Institutes of HealthKurdistan University Of Medical SciencesRegeneron PharmaceuticalsConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoPublic Health AgencyPublic Health Foundation of IndiaMashhad University of Medical SciencesNational Health and Medical Research CouncilUniversity of Missouri-Kansas CityUniversity of the PhilippinesKing's College LondonInstitute for Health Metrics and EvaluationUniversité de LorrainePacific Institute for Research and EvaluationNational Center for Advancing Translational SciencesKorea UniversityInternational Agency for the Prevention of BlindnessBill and Melinda Gates FoundationRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteSeoul National UniversityYale UniversityU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsUniversity of Canterbury
KeywordsBurden of diseaseMedicineDiseaseMeta-analysisDisease burdenMEDLINEEnvironmental healthDemographyInternal medicinePolitical science
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.006
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Meta-analysis · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.158
Threshold uncertainty score0.314
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.059
GPT teacher head0.347
Teacher spread0.288 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designMeta-analysis
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations1,669
Published2014
Admission routes2
Has abstractno