Bibliographic record
Abstract
It was long thought that Sol Invictus was a Syrian sun-god, and that Aurelian imported his cult into Rome after he had vanquished Zenobia and captured Palmyra. This sun-god, it was postulated, differed fundamentally from the old Roman sungod Sol Indiges, whose cult had long since disappeared from Rome. Scholars thus tended to postulate a hiatus in the first centuries of imperial rule during which there was little or no cult of the sun in Rome. Recent studies, however, have shown that Aurelian’s Sol Invictus was neither new nor foreign, and that the cult of the sun was maintained in Rome without interruption from the city’s earliest history until the demise of Roman religion(s). This continuity of the Roman cult of Sol sheds a new light on the evidence for priests and temples of Sol in Rome. In this article I offer a review of that evidence and what we can infer from it about the Roman cult of the sun. A significant portion of the article is devoted to a temple of Sol in Trastevere, hitherto misidentified. Durant longtemps, on a cru que Sol Invictus était un dieu-soleil syrien, dont Aurélien aurait importé le culte à Rome, après avoir vaincu Zénobie et pris Palmyre. Ce dieusoleil, supposément, différait fondamentalement de l’ancien dieu-soleil romain, Sol Indiges, dont le culte avait depuis longtemps disparu de Rome. Les chercheurs tendaient ainsi à postuler que les premiers siècles du régime impérial avaient connu un hiatus, durant lequel il n’y aurait eu que peu ou pas de culte du soleil à Rome. Des études récentes ont toutefois montré que le Sol Invictus d’Aurélien n’était ni nouveau ni étranger et que le culte du soleil s’était maintenu à Rome sans interruption, depuis les débuts de la cité jusqu’à la disparition de la (des) religion(s) romaine(s). Cette continuité dans le culte romain de Sol jette un éclairage nouveau sur les témoignages relatifs aux prêtres et aux temples de Sol à Rome. Dans cet article, je propose d’examiner ces témoignages et ce que nous pouvons en déduire sur le culte romain du soleil. Une partie significative de cet article est consacrée à un temple de Sol dans le Trastevere, jusque-là mal identifié
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".