First report of alternaria blight caused by <i>Alternaria panax</i> on ginseng ( <i>Panax quinquefolius</i> ) in Oregon and Washington, USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) is a high-value medicinal herb grown in relatively small commercial gardens in the states of Oregon and Washington, USA. Despite the limited acreage, ginseng represents a significant investment for growers since production costs are very high. In May 2000, necrotic girdling stem lesions about 2·5 cm above the ground were observed on 2-year-old-ginseng plants growing in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon. Tissues distal to the lesion had wilted, causing loss of foliage for the remainder of the year. The leaflets of some plants had brown lesions from which the centres had fallen out. Approximately half of the 0·25 ha garden was affected, with many plants severely infected. During the same month, similar symptoms were observed on ginseng plants in a commercial nursery in south-western Washington. The fungus Alternaria panax was observed sporulating on leaves and stems of plants from both locations, and was isolated from stem and leaf tissue with symptoms onto both potato dextrose and water agar media. Identification of the pathogen was confirmed by mycologist Emory Simmons, Crawfordsville, IN, USA (personal communication). Outbreaks of alternaria leaf spot of ginseng were observed again in western Oregon in 2001. Alternaria panax is a host-specific toxin-producing fungus and is a very destructive pathogen of ginseng. Widely distributed in the eastern and mid-western USA and Canada (Whetzel & Rosenbaum, 1912; Buonassissi & MacDonald, 1990; Chang et al ., 1999), the pathogen has never been reported previously from Washington or Oregon. This report represents an expansion of the geographical range of A. panax , presenting a potential threat to successful ginseng production in the Pacific Northwest of the USA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".