Study of ambient air ionization with femtosecond laser pulses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The laser induced ionization of ambient air is studied experimentally with laser pulses whose durations range from 50 fs up to 10 ps at 800 nm. It is found that the minimum pulse energy for detectable air ionization follows the scaling law of ε<i><sub>th</sub></i> varies direct as <i>t<sub>p</sub><sup>x</sup></i>, with 0.23 < x < 0.5, and x tends to rise for longer pulses within the range of 50 fs - 500 fs. For laser pulses from 0.7 ps to 10 ps, however, x is approximately equal to 0.8. The dependence of the critical intensity for air ionization on the beam spot size is also examined with a variety of focused laser beam spot sizes in the experiments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".