Coordinated observations of nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances in 630‐nm airglow and HF radar echoes at midlatitudes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigate nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) using the SuperDARN HF radar at Hokkaido, Japan (43.5°N, 143.6°E), and an OI 630‐nm airglow imager located at Paratunka, Russia (53.0°N, 158.2°E), within the radar field of view. The imager identified southwestward propagating MSTIDs with a horizontal wavelength of ∼300 km on 8 December 2007. Throughout this event, the radar continuously detected ionospheric echoes originating from decameter‐scale field‐aligned irregularities (FAIs) at the F region heights. The Doppler velocities of these echoes showed systematic polarity changes which were consistent with airglow intensity variations. These polarity changes would be attributed to E × B plasma drifts caused by the polarization electric field embedded in the MSTIDs. The FAI echo powers also varied in agreement with the airglow intensity variations: strong (weak) echoes coincided with the airglow depletion (enhancement) region. Considering the MSTID polarization electric field, it is suggested that the observed FAIs were generated by the gradient drift instability on the bottomside of the F region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".