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Record W2043793971 · doi:10.1081/bio-120016525

RED BLOOD CELL SUBSTITUTES<sup>*</sup>

2002· article· en· W2043793971 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueArtificial Cells Blood Substitutes and Biotechnology · 2002
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
TopicHemoglobin structure and function
Canadian institutionsMcGill University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsHemoglobinCatalaseSuperoxide dismutaseAntioxidantChemistryReactive oxygen speciesRed blood cellBiochemistry

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Hemoglobin molecules extracted from red blood cells are modified by microencapsulation or crosslinking. This stabilizes the hemoglobin molecules and also allows the sterilization of the products to remove HIV and other microorganisms. A number of modified hemoglobins have been developed and clinical trials have been carried out. The results of these clinical trials have led to the elimination of a number of modified hemoglobins, leaving polyhemoglobin and conjugated hemoglobin. Two types of polyhemoglobin have been most extensively studied in Phase III clinical trials. These results have led to South Africa and more recently Russia’s approval of the routine clinical use of one type of polyhemoglobin. These decisions are based on their risk/benefit analysis for their own requirements. In North America and some other countries the requirements are such that they have not yet approved this product for routine clinical uses until further improvements have been carried out. New generations of modified hemoglobin are being actively developed. These include soluble nano dimension complexes of the following: Oxygen carrier with antioxidant properties (polyhemoglobin-catalase-superoxide dismutase and synthetic mimics of this); combined oxygen and carbon dioxide carriers with antioxidant properties (polyhemoglobin-catalase-superoxide dismutase-carbonic anhydrase); oxygen carrier with platelet-like properties (polyhemoglobin-fibrinogen); nano dimension artificial red blood cells with lipid or biodegradable polymeric membrane and others.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.064
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0010.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.188
Teacher spread0.179 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it