Central Bombesin Activates the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a primary regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the mechanism(s) triggering the release of this corticotropin (ACTH) secretagogue remains unknown. Stressful and appetitive events evoke the release of not only CRH but also of bombesin (BN)-like peptides. Furthermore, CRH antagonists attenuate the endocrine and behavioral effects of BN, suggesting that BN-like peptides may mediate their effects via CRH release. An initial (mapping) study revealed that centrally administered BN (0.25 or 0.5 microg i.c.v.) increased circulating corticosterone and ACTH levels and decreased immunoreactive (ir)-CRH at the nucleus of the solitary tract, ventromedial (VMH) and anterior hypothalamic nuclei, and the central amygdaloid nucleus. Whereas BN treatment decreased ir-vasopressin (AVP) at the VMH, it elevated levels of this peptide in the hypothalamic paraventricular and median eminence/arcuate (Me/Arc) regions. Dynamic, in vivo release experiments (using push-pull perfusion) revealed that BN evoked the release of ir-CRH and ir-AVP from the Me/Arc and increased interstitial levels of these secretagogues at the anterior pituitary. These results suggest that BN-like peptides may regulate certain hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic circuits, including the HPA axis, by affecting regional utilization of ir-CRH and ir-AVP, and/or by provoking the release of these peptides at the Me/Arc, thus increasing their availability downstream at the anterior pituitary and increasing circulating ACTH and corticosterone levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".