Engineering the electromagnetic vacuum for controlling light with light in a photonic-band-gap microchip
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We demonstrate a trimodal waveguide architecture in a three-dimensional (3D) photonic-band-gap (PBG) material, in which the local electromagnetic density of states (LDOS) within and adjacent to the waveguide exhibits a forklike wavelength filter characteristic. This facilitates the control and switching of one laser beam with other laser beams ( $\ensuremath{\sim}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{W}$ steady-state holding power and $\ensuremath{\sim}5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nW}$ switching power) through mutual coherent resonant interaction with quantum dots. Two waveguide modes provide narrow spectral windows where the electromagnetic LDOS is enhanced by a factor of 100 or more relative to the background LDOS of a third air-waveguide mode with nearly linear dispersion. This ``engineered vacuum'' can be used for frequency-selective, atomic population inversion and switching (by coherent resonant optical pumping) of an inhomogeneously broadened collection of ``atoms'' situated adjacent to the waveguide channel. The ``inverted'' atomic system can then be used to coherently amplify fast optical pulses propagating through the third waveguide mode. This coherent ``control of light with light'' occurs without recourse to microcavity resonances (involving long cavity buildup and decay times for the optical field). Our architecture facilitates steady-state coherent pumping of the atomic system (on the lower-frequency LDOS peak) to just below the gain threshold. The higher-frequency LDOS peak is chosen to coincide with the upper Mollow sideband of the same atomic resonance fluorescence spectrum. The probing laser is adjusted to the lower Mollow sideband, which couples to the linear dispersion (high group velocity part) of the third waveguide mode. This architecture enables rapid modulation (switching) of light at the lower Mollow sideband frequency through light pulses conveyed by the linear dispersion mode at frequencies corresponding to the central Mollow component (lower LDOS peak). We demonstrate that LDOS jumps of order 100 can occur on frequency scales of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ (where ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ is the frequency of the jump) in a finite-size 3D photonic crystal (PC) consisting of only $10\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}20$ unit cells. When the semiconductor backbone of the PC has a refractive index of 3.5 and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ corresponds to a wavelength of $1.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, this vacuum engineering may be achieved in a sample whose largest dimension is about $12\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".