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Record W2044317351 · doi:10.1080/03056244.2011.583124

Canada and the geopolitics of mining interests: a case study of the Democratic Republic of Congo

2011· article· en· W2044317351 on OpenAlex
Delphine Abadie

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueReview of African Political Economy · 2011
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicMining and Resource Management
Canadian institutionsUniversité de Montréal
Fundersnot available
KeywordsDemocracyPolitical scienceHumanitiesGeopoliticsLawPoliticsArt

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgements I would like to thank my former colleagues of Ressources d'Afrique, William Sacher and Alain Deneault, for the close intellectual working relationship we enjoyed. I am grateful to Colette Braeckman, Bruno Teissier and Aden (Brussels) for their permission to reproduce the maps figuring in this article. Special thanks go to all the Congolese people who have shown us their support since the legal charges were made against us. Their support has made the struggle worth the price. Notes Son ‘contrôle n'a jamais cessé d'irriter les grandes transnationales minières’. We understand to be Canadian three kinds of interests: (1) the companies that have their head office in Canada, hence responding to Canadian law; (2) the corporations registered at the TSX or in another Canadian city; and (3) the Canadian investors active in structures registered elsewhere in the world, particularly in a tax haven. ‘en réalité, toutes les diplomaties attendent la fin du régime de Mobutu en escomptant que les dégâts seront limités’. ‘dans bien des cas, ces dirigeants se font également rétribuer par des hommes d'affaires, des notables politiques, locaux ou étrangers, afin d'assurer la protection de mines, de concession, de périmètres industriels de plantations agro-commerciales. Leur désir de paix est donc en relation inversement proportionnelle à leur volonté d'enrichissement personnel et leur esprit de lucre’. United Nations Panel of Experts on Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth in Democratic Republic of Congo; Congolese Lutundula Commission; All Party Parlamentary Group on the Great Lakes Region (UK); Spanish Trial against APR/FPR; United States House Representative's Cynthia McKinney's Hearings on DRC before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights of the Committee on International Relations House of Representatives, etc. Among others, articles by known and respected journalists such as Colette Braeckman, Dominic Johnson and Wayne Madsen; documents by international NGOs such as Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and Global Witness. Among Congolese representatives, the United Nations Development Programme worker Mbaya J. Kankwenda, as well as the former Zaire ambassador to Israel, Honoré Ngbanda Nzambo, link the Canadian corporations to the economic predation occurring in the war era. ‘plusieurs sociétés minières ont été citées, pour avoir financé des opérations militaires en échange de contrats avantageux dans l'est de la RDC: [la canadienne] Barrick Gold […], I'australienne Russel Ressources […], l'autrichienne Krall, la canadienne Banro American Ressources’. ‘L’AMFI, Banro, Barrick, Mindev et, dans le domaine pétrolier, Heritage Oil ravivent par leur présence les conflits quand elles ne les alimentent pas.’ ‘l'appui de l’Agence canadienne de développement international (ACDI) au développement des investissements privés canadiens dans le secteur minier en Afrique […] peut se résumer comme suit: elle prépare le terrain. [… Les entreprises] ont ainsi un accès facile à l'information géologique du pays, économisant temps et argent et trouvent, au sein des gouvernements, des individus formés au Canada ou par des Canadiens ayant un a priori favorable aux entreprises et au savoir-faire canadiens'. ‘l'efficacité des services et des programmes [de l'agence] pour ce qui est d'ouvrir des possibilités de faire affaire à l’étranger dans le domaine minier'. ‘Les grandes multinationales se sont éclipsées pour faire place à des “investisseurs” de second rang, parfois plus motivés par la spéculation que la production, voire à des groupes mafieux réalisant des “coups” et des bénéfices de très court terme dans le contexte d'un État de plus en plus déliquescent’. ‘Ce n'est pas seulement l'entreprise qu'on est en train de défendre, […] on ne parle pas seulement d'une compagnie canadienne, on parle de milliers de Canadiens qui ont investi à la bourse de Toronto [ce] qui a donné finalement le financement, le capital, avec lequel peut opérer […] Glamis Gold ici au Guatemala. […] On a un devoir aussi de voir [à ce] qu'ils ne perdent pas leurs investissements’. ‘Ces allégations dont nous faisons la synthèse, nous ne prétendons pas les fonder au-delà des travaux qui les ont avancées. […] Il ne serait pas convenable d'exiger d'un collectif d'auteurs sans financement d'aller sur tous ces sujets au-delà de ceux qui les ont déjà péniblement mis au jour dans leurs efforts respectifs. C'est d'ailleurs en ce sens que se formule notre seule requête auprès des autorités publiques, […] soit d'instaurer une commission dont l'indépendance des membres serait au-dessus de tout soupçon pour faire le point sur les effets des investissements politiques, industriels et financiers en Afrique […]’. These lawsuits are a serious threat to the freedom of expression necessary to public debate. The threat of another legal action from Barrick Gold has forced Vancouver-based Talonbooks to postpone publication of Deneault and Sacher's Imperial Canada Inc. (2011) about the Canadian mining industry. We consider these methods to be Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP). They take the form of a civil libel suit, launched against an individual or organisation taking a stand in the context of a public issue: the eventual success of such a suit is derived not so much from winning a case in court, but from the process itself, which aims to intimidate the defendants and place such a heavy financial burden on them that they are forced into silence. Resorting to SLAPPs is anything but rare in Canada, since reputation clearly prevails over freedom of speech according to many jurists. For example, in 2009 some academics from the United States objected to holding a Scientific Conference in Canada, fearing they could be sued by lobbies and even by the government if they expressed a point of view contrary to theirs (Ballivy 2008 Ballivy, V. 2008. Des scientifiques craignent pour la liberté d'expression. La Presse, 25 August: August [Google Scholar]; http://slapp.ecosociete.org).

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.919
Threshold uncertainty score0.902

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.019
GPT teacher head0.215
Teacher spread0.196 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it