Measurement and Correlation of Critical Gas and Liquid Velocities for Complete Circulation of Solid Particles in External Loop Airlift Bubble Columns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The external loop airlift bubble column provides an easy way of good contacting among gas, liquid and solid phases due to a relatively high recirculating liquid velocity UL. The critical gas and liquid velocities for complete circulation of solid particles, UG,C and UL,C, were measured in two different scales of columns with air, tap water and aqueous CMC solutions, and ion exchange resin and glass beads (155∼3834 µm) were employed. The UG,C was determined as the inflection point on the plot of the pressure drop due to the suspended solid particles in the downcomer as a function of the gas velocity UG. The critical liquid velocity UL,C corresponding to the UG,C was obtained from the measured relationship between UL and UG. As a result, a unified dimensionless empirical correlation of UL,C was obtained within an error of ±20% and a dimensionless empirical relationship between UL and UG was developed within an error of ±15%.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".