An Empirical Study of Asymmetric Pricing in Retail Gasoline and Diesel Markets in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study estimated retail price adjustments in the gasoline and diesel markets of Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore using monthly data between 2004M1 and 2012M6. An asymmetric error correction model (ECM) was employed as a framework and the results showed that asymmetric adjustments in retail gasoline and diesel prices are common, and that the adjustments, which quickly and obviously responded to cost reductions, are a type of politico-economic asymmetry. This finding differs from the results of numerous international studies. In other words, although gasoline and diesel markets are evident oligopolies, the government’s intervention behavior appears to control the gasoline and diesel price adjustments of the 4 East Asian countries evaluated in this study (i.e., Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".