Soft Mechanical Sensors Through Reverse Actuation in Polypyrrole
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The phenomenon of voltage generated from a soft sensor using polypyrrole in response to mechanical deformation is described and investigated. The sensor consists of two polypyrrole layers in contact with an electrolyte and operates in bending mode in air. The magnitude and sign of the induced voltage was found to depend on the type of dopant counter‐ions and the nature of the surrounding electrolyte. The mechanical sensor response is shown to be a “reverse actuation”, generating millivolt signals for millimeter sized deflections or ∼ 1000 C m–3 charge for 1 % strain in the polypyrrole layer. A model based on ‘Deformation Induced Ion Flux' has been proposed whereby the strain induced volume change in the polymer produces a shift in the Donnan equilibrium between mobile dopant ions inside the polymer and in the external electrolyte. A simple thermodynamic model provides reasonable estimates of the size of the voltage and charge produced.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".