Experimental Investigation of Large-Scale Cladding Sandwich Panels under Out-of-Plane Transverse Loading for Building Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates large-scale sandwich panels (9,145×2,440×78 mm) subjected to out-of-plane loading. The panels comprise glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) skins connected by orthogonal GFRP ribs and a polyurethane foam core. The lightweight insulated panel is supported at three levels along its 9,145-mm height and is proposed for cladding of buildings, where the main loading is caused by wind. A full-scale panel was tested under uniform air pressure by using a specially designed setup equipped with pressure load actuators. The panel failed at 7.5 kPa, 2.6 times the factored design pressure for the windiest region in Canada. Failure occurred by outward wrinkling and crushing of the GFRP compression skin near the middle supports. The deflection under the maximum design service wind pressure did not exceed span/360. Another test was carried out on a different specimen by using conventional mechanical loading. It confirmed the ultimate strength of the panel and also revealed a successive failure response, associated with residual capacity beyond first failure. After skin wrinkling in the negative moment region, the load remained stable, within a 3% variation, until shear failure of the core followed near the middle supports. Because the system is statically indeterminate, it did not suffer global collapse, and the load dropped only 24%. By further loading, the strength increased up to 85% of the first peak when failure occurred by outward wrinkling and crushing of the compression skin in the positive moment region.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".