10.1708/1178.13053
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RIASSUNTO.Scopo.I neurological soft signs (NSS) sono "lievi" anomalie neurologiche, indicative di una diffusa disfunzione del sistema nervoso centrale.Molti sono stati gli studi condotti sull'argomento e sarà pertanto utile fare il punto sulle attuali conoscenze, in modo da poter definire il reale ruolo dei NSS nella patologia psichiatrica e, di conseguenza, la loro utilità clinica.Metodo.Sono stati selezionati tutti i lavori incentrati sulle relazioni esistenti tra NSS e principali disturbi psichiatrici e sulle correlazioni esistenti con la terapia antipsicotica.Risultati.Molte sono le dimostrazioni cliniche sulle correlazioni esistenti tra NSS e schizofrenia; minori, ma comunque significative sulle correlazioni con il disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo e con il disturbo bipolare.In tutte queste tre popolazioni psichiatriche si evidenzia come la prevalenza di NSS sia significativamente superiore rispetto alla popolazione generale e di come sia possibile riscontrare manifestazioni neurologiche già all'esordio della malattia.È stato inoltre dimostrato come i NSS siano spesso in stretta correlazione con elementi psicopatologici, tanto da poter essere considerati indicatori di gravità del disturbo, severità del decorso e non ultima, risposta terapeutica.Questi risultati non sembrano essere in relazione con il trattamento farmacologico.Conclusioni.I NSS risultano essere un elemento clinico obiettivo nella valutazione di disturbi psichiatrici gravi, sia in una fase prodromica, permettendo di ipotizzare un maggior rischio di sviluppo di malattia e quindi possibilità di un intervento precoce, sia all'esordio, in quanto spesso elemento predittivo di gravità e risposta terapeutica, sia durante il decorso della malattia, in quanto direttamente correlati alla sintomatologia psichiatrica legata a processi ideativi più complessi.PAROLE CHIAVE: neurological soft signs, schizofrenia, disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo, disturbo bipolare. SUMMARY. Aims.Neurological soft signs (NSS) are minor neurological anomalies indicating non-specific cerebral dysfunction, commonly assessed through the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES).It is generally accepted that NSS are prevalent in schizophrenic patients respect to healthy subjects, but they have been also found in patients with other neurological and psychiatric disorders.We sought to review studies that have specifically investigated NSS in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and we also focused on their relationship with psychopathological features and antipsychotic treatment.Methods.In this review we selected published studies investigating NSS in psychiatric patients and their relationship with either psychopathological features and antipsychotic treatment.Results.Apart from diagnosis, all patients show more NSS than healthy subjects, but schizophrenic patients perform worse respect to other psychiatric diseases.These signs are already present at the onset of the disease.NSS also show a significant correlation with psychopathological measures and they can be predictive of clinical course and response to medications.On the other hand, NSS can be independent of the pharmacological treatment.Conclusions.These findings argued the hypothesis that NSS could be a trait characteristic in psychosis.NSS are an objective measure for the assessment of serious psychiatric disorder in the prodromal phase, at onset and along the course of the disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.962 | 0.966 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".