Large‐Scale Synthesis and Characterization of TiO<sub>2</sub>‐Based Nanostructures on Ti Substrates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Na2Ti6O13 nanoplates, nanowires, and continuous nanowire network films are hydrothermally formed on a large scale directly on Ti substrates for the first time. The morphology of the formed Na2Ti6O13 nanostructures can be easily tuned by varying the experimental parameters of temperature, reaction duration, and the NaOH concentration. Our study demonstrates that the synthesized Na2Ti6O13 nanostructures are easily converted into H2Ti3O7 nanostructures—a desirable precursor for the fabrication of various TiO2‐based nanomaterials—with shape preservation, by an ion‐exchange process. Anatase, a mixture of anatase and rutile, and rutile TiO2 nanowires are formed when the H2Ti3O7 nanowires are annealed at 450, 600, and 750 °C, respectively. The optical properties and the photocatalytic activity of H2Ti3O7 nanowires and of the TiO2‐based nanomaterials are also addressed. The approach described in this study provides a simple and novel method for the large‐scale synthesis of various TiO2‐based nanostructured materials that grow directly on Ti substrates and are ready for a wide range of practical applications, such as the photodegradation of wastewater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".