Dynamic nonlinear probe utilizing traveling multiwave interaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study is to utilize the nonlinear action of two overlapping propagating waves to characterize parameters of rock samples that are sensitive to cracks and fluids at the intersection location. Our experimental technique utilizes a strong shear wave pump that changes (minutely) the elastic properties of the sample and a weaker longitudinal wave probe that senses those changes. The pump wave signal is directed perpendicular to the longitudinal wave and is slowly varying compared to that of the probe; we use a 500 kHz longitudinal probe wave and a 50 kHz shear wave pump. Particle velocities are measured on the surface of the sample with the laser vibrometer to calibrate their absolute values for estimation of the strain with the help of an elastic model. Measured changes in time modulation were fitted to a nonlinear Hooke's law. Nonlinear parameters for Berea sandstone were β = -542 and δ = -3 × 109. The nonresonant time modulation techniques described can quantify and identify regions of local nonlinearity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".