Spawning season fidelity in sympatric populations of Atlantic herring (<i>Clupea harengus</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Considerable debate surrounds the issue of reproductive exchange between subunits of marine fish populations. Discrete population theories predict that spawning time and location are predetermined during larval life and that spawning season fidelity and natal homing maintain population integrity. Conversely, spawning assemblages may represent interconnected subgroups within metapopulations with social transmission of spawning behaviours facilitating mixing. This study examines spawning season fidelity in three subpopulations of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) with overlapping distributions. Autumn- and winter-spawned fish were collected from spawning and feeding grounds in the Irish and Celtic seas. Hatching season was determined using otolith microstructure and was compared with season of spawning as indicated by visual gonad inspection. Spawning assemblages in the Irish Sea consisted almost exclusively of autumn-spawned fish, despite extensive mixing with winter-spawned fish during the juvenile phase. The available evidence suggests that in Celtic herring, the season and location of spawning are not learned from repeat-spawning adults, but are predetermined, possibly through larval imprinting. The seasonal components showed distinct patterns of gonad development, and estimated rates of spawning season switching were below 10%. Although this exchange rate will facilitate some gene flow, mixing of subgroups is limited. This has important implications for management of seasonal spawning populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".