Modeling interfacial heat transfer from single or multiple deforming droplets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a method to simulate heat transfer across the interface separating immiscible liquids. One-field volume tracking is used which involves solving one set of equations for conservation of mass, momentum and energy. The original idea behind volume tracking methods has been used not only to advect mass and momentum but also energy across cell boundaries. The van Leer method is used to approximate advection temperatures across the sharp temperature gradients existing at fluid/fluid interface. As applications to this method, the fall of single and multiple molten tin droplets in oil, and the rise of octane droplets in water are simulated.For molten tin droplets, results show a region of high temperature in the wake region behind the droplets and a temperature distribution along the droplet surface. During the simulation of the fall of two successive droplets, the heat dissipation from the downstream droplet causes a dramatic change in temperature distribution of the upstream droplet. Finally, large deformations are observed during the rise of octane droplets which greatly affects the heat transfer from these droplets to water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".