Changes in vocal behavior of individual North Atlantic right whales in increased noise.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the impacts of anthropogenic noise exposure on the vocal behavior of individual North Atlantic right whales, a baleen whale species found in the urban coastal waters off the east coast of the United States and Canada. A non-invasive acoustic recording tag, the Dtag, was used to record the noise levels received by individual whales and the vocalizations they produced in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. These data were used to assess the variability in the received levels (and therefore source level), duration, and frequency content of calls produced by the tagged whale in varying ambient noise conditions. A single stereotyped call type, the ‘upcall,’ was selected for these measurements. Individual whales producing multiple calls showed increases in received call amplitude and minimum frequency in increasing low-frequency noise conditions. This is one of the first studies to document call intensity changes in baleen whales in response to short-term changes in anthropogenic noise in their environment. This evidence for individual call modification in response to changes in background noise has implications for both descriptive studies of vocal behavior and design for passive acoustic monitoring systems for marine species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".