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Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs
Sang Lee, Enda M. Byrne, Naomi R. Wray, Benjamin M. Neale, Stephan Ripke, Mark J. Daly, Verneri Anttila, Sarah E. Bergen, Lizzy Rossin, Colm Ó'Dúshláine, Edward M. Scolnick, Steven A. McCarroll, Jennifer L. Moran, Kimberly Chambert, Shaun Purcell, Douglas M. Ruderfer, Pamela Sklar, Peter Holmans, Katherine Gordon‐Smith, Nicholas Craddock, Lyudmila Georgieva, Detelina Grozeva, Ian D. Jones, Marian L. Hamshere, Michael O‘Donovan, Michael J. Owen, Anita Thapar, Michael E. Goddard, Devin Absher, Richard M. Myers, Ingrid Agartz, Srdjan Djurovic, Morten Mattingsdal, Ole A. Andreassen, Ingrid Melle, Robert C. Thompson, Stanley J. Watson, Huda Akil, Fan Meng, Farooq Amin, Robert Krasucki, Adebayo Anjorin, Khalid Choudhury, Jacob Lawrence, Hugh Gurling, Jonathan Pimm, Nicholas Bass, Radhika Kandaswamy, Andrew McQuillin, Vinay Puri, Elaine Kenny, Aiden Corvin, Paul Cormican, Derek W. Morris, Richard Anney, Emma M. Quinn, Gary Donohoe, Michael Gill, Louise Gallagher, Dan E. Arking, Aravinda Chakravarti, Peter McGuffin, David Collier, Ian Craig, Anne Farmer, Philip Asherson, Jonna Kuntsi, Cathryn M. Lewis, Maria Helena Pinto de Azevedo, Guiomar Oliveira, Urban Ösby, Martin Schalling, Louise Frisén, Lena Backlund, Elliot S. Gershon, Judith A. Badner, Anthony Bailey, Tobias Banaschewski, Jack D. Barchas, Michael R. Barnes, Thomas B. Barrett, Agatino Battaglia, Michael Bauer, Mónica Bayés, Bruno Étain, Marion Leboyer, Frank Bellivier, Mikael Landén, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Paul Lichtenstein, Christina M. Hultman, Anna K. Kähler, Niklas Långström, Josephine Elia, Wade H. Berrettini, Falk W. Lohoff, Catalina Betancur, Marcus Ising, Thomas Bettecken, Elisabeth B. Binder, Florian Holsboer, Susanne Lucae, Martin Kohli, Manfred Uhr, Joseph Biederman, James B. Potash, Donald W. Black, Thomas H. Wassink, William Coryell, Kevin A. McGhee, Douglas Blackwood, Walter Muir, Donald J. MacIntyre, Alan McLean, Andrew M. McIntosh, Cinnamon S. Bloss, Peng Zhang, Laura J. Scott, Michael Boehnke, Phoenix Kwan, Matthew Flickinger, Weihua Guan, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Johannes H. Smit, Eco J. C. de Geus, Gerome Breen, Jens Treutlein, Marcella Rietschel, Jana Strohmaier, Josef Frank, Stephanie H. Witt, Sandra Meier, René Breuer, Richard Bruggeman, Nancy G. Buccola, Jan K. Buitelaar, Barbara Franke, William E. Bunney, Joseph D. Buxbaum, Steven P. Hamilton, William Byerley, Sian Caesar, Lisa Jones, Wiepke Cahn, René S. Kahn, Rita M. Cantor, Marta Ribasés, Miguel Casas, Josep Antoni Ramos‐Quiroga, Thomas W. Mühleisen, Sven Cichon, Johannes Schumacher, Manuel Mattheisen, Peter Propping, C. Robert Cloninger, Alexandre A. Todorov, Michele L. Pergadia, Andrew C. Heath, Pamela A. F. Madden, Edwin H. Cook, William M. McMahon, Hilary Coon, Bru Cormand, David W. Craig, Szabocls Szelinger, Russell Schachar, Jennifer Crosbie, Margaret A. Pericak‐Vance, Michael L. Cuccaro, David Curtis, Susmita Datta, Géraldine Dawson, Joseph Piven, K. Matthews, Richard Day, Alysa E. Doyle, Jubao Duan, Pablo V. Gejman, Alan R. Sanders, Frank Dudbridge, Fritz Poustka, Christine M. Freitag, Eftichia Duketis, Richard P. Ebstein, Tatiana Foroud, Daniel L. Koller, John I. Nürnberger, Sean Ennis, Stéphane Jamain, Michael C. Neale, I. Nicol Ferrier, Jeremy Parr, Éric Fombonne, Ann Olincy, Robert Freedman, Stan F. Nelson, Roel A. Ophoff, Susan L. Smalley, Ina Giegling, Marion Friedl, Annette M. Hartmann, Bettina Konte, Dan Rujescu, Sarah E. Medland, Anjali K. Henders, Grant W. Montgomery, Dale R. Nyholt, Nicholas G. Martin, Scott D. Gordon, Elaine Green, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Tiffany A. Greenwood, John R. Kelsoe, Paul D. Shilling, R. Anne McKinney, Jeremy M. Silverman, Susanne Hoefels, Wolfgang Maier, Magdalena Groß, Lieuwe de Haan, Jonathan L. Haines, Håkon Håkonarson, Joachim Hallmayer, Henrik Berg Rasmussen, Line Olsen, Andrés Ingason, Thomas Folkmann Hansen, Martin Hautzinger, Ian B. Hickie, Evaristus Nwulia, William Lawson, Maria Hipolito, Witte J.G. Hoogendijk, Vanessa Hus, Edward G. Jones, Matthew C. Keller
Bibliographic record
VenueNature Genetics · 2013
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
TopicGenetic Associations and Epidemiology
Canadian institutionsCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthPublic Health OntarioUniversity of British ColumbiaHospital for Sick ChildrenSickKids FoundationUniversity of TorontoMcGill University
FundersEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekWellcome TrustNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Cancer InstituteNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismNational Health and Medical Research CouncilNational Institute of Mental HealthMedical Research CouncilAustralian Research CouncilVrije Universiteit AmsterdamGoddard Space Flight CenterCrohn's and Colitis UK
KeywordsBiologySingle-nucleotide polymorphismGenome-wide association studyGeneticsGenomeComputational biologyGeneGenotype
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.005
Threshold uncertainty score0.012
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.011
GPT teacher head0.267
Teacher spread0.256 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations2,353
Published2013
Admission routes1
Has abstractno