Choline produces antiarrhythmic actions in animal models by cardiac M<sub>3</sub> receptors: improvement of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling as a common mechanism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is well known that choline has protective effects on ischemic arrhythmias. We designed the present study to evaluate the antiarrhythmic effects of choline and to detect its related mechanisms in aconitine-induced rat and ouabain-induced guinea pig models of arrhythmia. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and patch-clamp technique were utilized to study the action of choline on intracellular calcium concentration and L-type calcium current (ICa-L) of cardiac myocytes. M3 receptor antagonist 4-DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine-methiodide) was applied preliminarily to evaluate the role of the M3 receptor. Choline significantly increased the survival time of arrhythmic rats and guinea pigs, delayed the onset of arrhythmias and ventricular tachycardia, and decreased the arrhythmia score. The overload of intracellular Ca2+ induced by aconitine or ouabain was reduced in isolated myocytes pretreated with choline. Choline reduced the increased density of ICa-L induced by aconitine or ouabain. Moreover, the beneficial effects of choline were reversed by 4-DAMP. Choline produced antiarrhythmic actions on arrhythmia models by stimulating the cardiac M3 receptor. The mechanism may be related to the improvement of Ca2+ handling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".