THEMIS observations of electron cyclotron harmonic emissions, ULF waves, and pulsating auroras
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present multiprobe, multi‐instrument observations of the electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) emissions and ultralow‐frequency (ULF) waves from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) and explore their potential linkage to the concurrent ground‐observed pulsating auroras (PsA) on 4 January 2009. The ECH emissions were observed as discrete packets modulated by the ULF flapping motion of the neutral sheet around the probes. Combining different data sets of the ECH observations, we infer that the ECH emission intensities were strongly fluctuating and contained multi‐time scale fine structures. The distribution of PsA patches featured longitudinal “wavelength” in concert with the in situ ULF wave characteristics inferred from a cross‐phase analysis. The overall activeness of the PsA correlated with the in situ‐measured energetic electron fluxes and ECH wave intensities. We suggest that ECH waves played the key role in the pitch angle diffusion of the plasma sheet electrons that led to the PsA, while the ULF waves structured the plasma sheet and imposed a macroscopic effect over the spatial distribution of the PsA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".