Miniaturization of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. Abstract The development of electrospray ionization (ESI) has proved an enormous breakthrough in structural biology because it provides a means for transferring large biological molecules into the gas-phase as intact charged ions. In the post-genomics era, increased attention has been focused on mass spectrometry techniques capable of providing structural information for biological molecules—especially proteins—with minimal sample consumption. Miniaturized ESI, known as either microspray or nanospray, is of keen interest in structural biology because of its low sample consumption requirements, low flow rates (nL/min), and improved ion transfer efficiency from source to detector vs. conventional ESI sources. Here, the principles of ESI are detailed, followed by a discussion on the development, advantages, and applications of miniaturized ESI, especially as applied in structural biology. Along the way, we also highlight some of our own research aimed at producing high-durability nanospray emitters for ut...
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it