Miniaturization of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. Abstract The development of electrospray ionization (ESI) has proved an enormous breakthrough in structural biology because it provides a means for transferring large biological molecules into the gas-phase as intact charged ions. In the post-genomics era, increased attention has been focused on mass spectrometry techniques capable of providing structural information for biological molecules—especially proteins—with minimal sample consumption. Miniaturized ESI, known as either microspray or nanospray, is of keen interest in structural biology because of its low sample consumption requirements, low flow rates (nL/min), and improved ion transfer efficiency from source to detector vs. conventional ESI sources. Here, the principles of ESI are detailed, followed by a discussion on the development, advantages, and applications of miniaturized ESI, especially as applied in structural biology. Along the way, we also highlight some of our own research aimed at producing high-durability nanospray emitters for ut...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".