Effects of Sustained Load and Freeze-Thaw Exposure on RC Beams Strengthened with Prestressed NSM-CFRP Strips
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental program was conducted to investigate the combined effects of sustained load and freeze-thaw cycling exposure on the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened in flexure using prestressed Near-Surface Mounted (NSM) Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strips. Two sets of five large-scale simply supported rectangular RC beams (sets BS-F and BS-FS) were tested. Each set consisted of one un-strengthened control beam and four beams strengthened using NSM-CFRP strips prestressed to 0, 20, 40, and 60% of the CFRP ultimate tensile strength. After strengthening, the beams from set BS-F were exposed to 500 freeze-thaw cycles. The beams from set BS-FS were exposed to 500 freeze-thaw cycles; simultaneously, each beam in this set was subjected to a sustained load representing 47% of the theoretical ultimate capacity of the non-prestressed NSM-CFRP strengthened beam. Thereafter, the beams were tested at room temperature under static monotonic loading in four-point bending configuration until failure. The damage done to the beams due to environmental exposure and long-term loading was evaluated, and furthermore, the effects of sustained load and freeze-thaw exposure were discussed on the load-deflection response, type of failure, ductility, energy absorption, and strain in CFRP strips. Analysis of the results revealed the significant effects of the sustained load and freeze-thaw cycling exposure on the flexural performance of RC beams strengthened with prestressed and non-prestressed NSM-CFRP strips.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".