Variables Affecting the Induction Period during Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Canola Oil to FAME
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experiments were conducted at ambient temperature to study mass transfer limitations, indicated by the presence of a triglyceride (TG) induction period, during the acid-catalyzed transesterification reaction. The effects of the water and free fatty acid (FFA) content, the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, and the alcohol type on the TG induction period were examined. Experimental results showed that the TG induction period (i) decreased with a decrease in the water concentration, (ii) decreased with an increase in the methanol (MeOH)-to-oil molar ratio for a dispersed nonpolar−TG phase and continuous polar−MeOH phase, (iii) decreased with an increase in the alcohol carbon chain length, and (iv) increased with an increase in the FFA concentration. The addition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) to the reaction mixture was proposed as a strategy to decrease the TG induction period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".