Inhibition of Lead and Zinc Sulphide Scale Deposits Formed during Production from High Temperature Oil and Condensate Reservoirs.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Carbonate and sulphate scales are the most common types of mineral deposit associated with the recovery and processing of hydrocarbon and associated produced water. In three high temperature fields (>140C) within the North Sea more usual scale types have been observed namely zinc and lead sulphide. Conventional inhibitors cannot control these scale types and their removal by chemical means can result in the generation of toxic gas (H2S). The conditions for the formation of these unusual scale types is described and well as the economic impact these deposit had on hydrocarbon production of these fields. In this paper the development of a novel scale inhibitor package and its successful application in these fields is described. Field evaluation of the inhibitor types used to control sulphide scale is described in this paper as well as the details on how the field trials were planned, carried out and evaluated. Mechanical and chemical removal are also discussed as an alternative to inhibition. The finding of this paper significantly increase the industries understanding of sulphide scale deposits in terms of mode of formation and mechanism of inhibition. The paper stresses the critical factors to be evaluated within produced water at the early stage of field appraisal/development that can aid in the assessment of the risk of sulphide scale deposition. The development of a novel zinc and lead sulphide inhibitor gives a cost effective, environment friendly alternative to chemical or mechanical removal of such deposits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".