Observations of Pi2 pulsations by the Wallops HF radar in association with substorm expansion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the first sub‐auroral Pi2 pulsations observations by a SuperDARN type HF radar. The Wallops radar LOS measurements obtained at ionospheric altitudes, ∼56° magnetic latitude, 23 hour magnetic local time, are shown to be highly correlated with ground magnetic field perturbations obtained at Ottawa. The period of the Pi2 pulsations is 118 s and the m‐number is ∼2.3. The availability of both ionospheric LOS measurements and ground based magnetic field perturbations enable us to constrain the properties of the wave. A predominantly shear Alfven mode wave is able to explain both the amplitude and phase relations of our observations. Although the solar wind dynamic pressure is fairly stable the IMF Bz is highly variable thereby preventing an unambiguous identification of a solar wind trigger. Rather, magnetotail observations of a clear dipolarization and an intensification of the auroral westward electrojet producing a modest ground magnetic bay indicate that the wave is associated with the onset of a weak substorm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".