Optimal, robust, and benign horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The remarkable success of fixed speed and pitch ‘propellers’ in tapping the gusting and shifting wind begs explanation. Glauert's two-dimensional analysis of ‘horizontal axis wind turbines’ was an incomplete aside to aviation propeller theory in 1935, but is now the basis of most ‘Hawt’ algorithms. A very simple windmill optimum is found for his ‘blade element momentum’ theory, even for the movement inclined to the wind in ‘vertical axis wind turbines’. Optimizing the two-dimensional ‘Vawt’ pitch cycles for high speed ratios matches the best Hawt power. Making the optimum ‘robust’ to variation of the wind further discovers a Hawt blade element chord and fixed pitch with a very broad quartic optimum around the design wind and ‘benign’ avoidance of high aerodynamic load coefficients further from it; and finds a fixed cycle of pitching to give a benign quartic Vawt.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".