Deposition of heavy oil droplets onto a circular disk at elevated temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fouling of equipment surfaces affects the efficient processing of heavy hydrocarbons. An experimental study is reported on the deposition of bitumen‐containing droplets from a gas‐vapour mixture at temperatures up to incipient coking conditions. A heavy oil‐diluent feed mixture was atomized with nitrogen in a vertical spray chamber, and flowed upwards normal to a circular disk. The disk was attached to a load cell to measure total deposited mass with time, and at the end of each experiment the amount deposited was determined gravimetrically. The effects on deposition rate of heavy oil concentration in the feed mixture, temperature, and flow‐rates of feed mixture and nitrogen were determined. Different surfaces and coatings were tested. The deposition rate was found to depend most strongly on the droplet concentration, which was predicted with HYSYS, using an isothermal flash calculation. As temperature was increased, deposit H/C atomic ratio decreased and ash content increased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".