Increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARS) in resistance arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors found in different tissues. In blood vessels, PPAR expression and function is unknown. We hypothesized that PPARs could modulate vascular remodeling in hypertension and investigated the abundance of PPARα and PPARγ in mesenteric arteries from 6-week old and adult 16-week old SHR and age-matched WKY. Cultured mesenteric vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were also studied. mRNA level was evaluated by RT-PCR and protein expression by Western blot analysis. PPARα and PPARγ are expressed in VSMCs from intact tissue and cultured cells. PPARα expression was almost undetectable in VSMCs in cell culture. In comparison to other tissues, PPARα-and PPARγ level in mesenteric arteries was 5-10 fold less abundant in WKY but of similar level as in other tissues in SHR. In vessels from SHR, PPARα and PPARγ mRNA (PPAR/GAPDH) was significantly greater in comparison to WKY (0.90±0.05 and 1.11±0.07 vs. 0.51±0.01 and 0.44±0.02, p<0.05). PPARα and PPARγ mRNA (PPAR/GAPDH) was greater in young SHR than WKY (0.54±0.07 vs. 0.10±0.01 and 6.80±0.80 vs. 2.03±0.43, p<0.05) and in adult SHR (3.67±0.42 vs. 1.89±0.12 and 9.45±0.69 vs. 6.19±0.38, p<0.05). Expression of PPARγ in cultured VSMCs was 3-fold higher in SHR than in WKY. Thus, resistance arteries from young and adult SHR have increased expression of both PPAR-isoforms, which may play a role in vascular remodeling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".