A New Afrocamilla from Colorado, the Third Species of Camillidae (Diptera: Schizophora) from the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Camillidae are a small family of acalyptrate Diptera, which are known mainly from the Palaearctic Region and Africa (Papp 1982, Barraclough 1997a, b, 1998a, b).Although it has long been known that the European species Camilla glabra (Fallén, 1823) had been accidentally introduced to Canada and the New World (McAlpine 1960, Barraclough & Wheeler 1995), the discovery of endemic, New World camillid species has been relatively recent (Barraclough & Wheeler 1995).Only three New World camillid species are known, all described by Barraclough & Wheeler (1995): Afrocamilla arizona (Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona); A. bispinosa (San Dimas Canyon, southern California); Camilla arnaudi (San Bartoleme, Mexico).The discovery of a long series of a new species of Afrocamilla Barraclough, 1992, associated with the litter of the bushy-tailed wood rat Neotoma cinerea (Ord, 1815), near Fort Collins, Colorado, convinces us that many more North American species of Camillidae await discovery.As with the now relatively substantial African fauna, the factor limiting discovery of further material is the association of Camillidae with the nests, burrows and latrines of small mammals (and sometimes with bat caves), where the immature stages develop in the faeces of the mammal concerned.It is invariably very difficult to collect adult flies from such micro-habitats. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe holotype and ten paratypes are deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (AMNH); the remainder of the type series is divided between the following collections: the Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa (NMSA); the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, USA (NMNH); the C. P. Gillette Museum, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA (CSUC).Holotype label data are quoted exactly as they appear; a slash denotes the end of a line of print and a semicolon separates data on different labels.For techniques and morphological terminology refer to Barraclough & Wheeler (1995: 738).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".