Measurement of Three-Dimensional Unsteady Flows Using an Inexpensive Multiple Disk Probe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel velocimeter consisting of multiple orthogonal disks fitted with pressure transducers has been developed. In such a velocimeter the pressure difference is measured between the center of each disk face and the center of its other face for each of the three orthogonal disks. The three components of fluid velocity can be deduced from the three measured pressure differences. While previously developed anemometers based on dynamic pressure differences (such as yawhead or five-hole probes) can only measure velocities with a small range of directions, the new disk probe can measure three components of velocity, even in highly three-dimensional flows where the approximate direction of the flow is not known. Previous work demonstrated that in steady flows the device could measure velocities to ±1.4% and angles to ±4°. In the present work, involving both field trials and wind tunnel tests, it is shown that the disk probe can measure three-dimensional unsteady flows with accuracy suitable for many meteorological applications. The disk probe tested has a flat frequency response up to 3 or 4 Hz and can measure velocity magnitudes with an accuracy of better than ±0.3 m s−1. Simple modifications to the disk probe would increase its frequency range to 10 Hz or better.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".