Lymphadenopathy Due to Penicillium Marneffei Infection: Diagnosis by Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Penicillium marneffei is an opportunistic fungal infection that usually causes disseminated disease, mainly in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with HIV infection. Untreated cases are usually fatal. Diagnosis is traditionally made by biopsy and/or culture; successful diagnosis by fine needle aspiration (FNA) has only been reported once. We present eight cases of HIV-infected patients with lymphadenopathy caused by P. marneffei infection, in which the diagnosis was made by FNA. In all cases, intracellular and extracellular yeast forms were visualized, and the characteristic cross-septation of P. marneffei was highlighted by GMS staining. All diagnoses were confirmed by culture. Anti-fungal treatment for P. marneffei was initiated, resulting in marked clinical improvement. We conclude that a diagnosis of lymphadenopathy caused by P. marneffei can reliably be made by FNA. The diagnosis is more rapid than biopsy or culture, allowing rapid institution of therapy, particularly important in immunocompromised patients. In all our cases, not only were lymphoma and other causes of lymphadenopathy ruled out, but also the necessity for an open surgical biopsy was obviated. This can be especially beneficial to patients (e.g., three in our study) in which lymphadenopathy is confined to deep intra-abdominal nodes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".