Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Methane—Carbon Dioxide Hydrate Reactions in Sandstone Pores
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Formation and growth of methane hydrates in porous sandstone was monitored using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). A series of 3-D MRI images collected during these experiments illustrated patterns of hydrate growth. Calibrated MRI intensity changes that occured during the hydrate growth correlated with methane gas consumption and gave dynamic and quantitative in-situ information on hydrate formation rate and spatial distribution of the hydrate formed. Gas permeability was measured at various hydrate saturations and during hydrate growth. Experimentally it was verified that methane hydrate in porous sandstone spontaneously converted to CO2 hydrate when exposed to liquid CO2 at high pressure and low temperature. It has experimentally been determined that without heating, an exchange process between CO2 and methane occured allowing the injected CO2 to be stored as hydrate resulting in spontaneous production of methane, with no associated water production. The MRI images provided quantitative information on the methane production rates and amounts of methane released during the CH4-CO2 hydrate exchange reaction. Thermodynamic simulations based on Phase Field theory supported the measured results and predicted similar methane production rates observed in several reproduced experiments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".