Populations on the Brink: Low Abundance of Southern Upland Atlantic Salmon in Nova Scotia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Populations of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in the Southern Upland region of Nova Scotia, Canada, have declined to very low abundances. Sixty-three rivers in this region—9% of the total number of Canadian rivers that contain Atlantic salmon—are known to have supported populations in the recent past. Annual adult abundance data from four rivers show declines of 83–99% from peak levels in the 1980s; this pattern is consistent with trends in recreational catch within the region. Regionwide comparisons of juvenile density data from more than 50 other rivers indicate significant ongoing declines and provide evidence for river-specific extirpations. Based on surveys conducted in 2000 and again in 2008–2009, total juvenile density decreased substantially at the majority of locations; during the 2008–2009 survey, juveniles were not found at nine sites (four rivers) where they were present in 2000. Although river acidification has significantly contributed to the deterioration or extirpation of Atlantic salmon populations from many Southern Upland rivers during the last century, contemporary declines occurring in nonacidified rivers indicate that other factors are now affecting these populations. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that Southern Upland Atlantic salmon are biologically unique and that their extinction would constitute an irreplaceable loss of Atlantic salmon biodiversity. Received November 2, 2010; accepted June 2, 2011
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".