Outer Segment Oligomerization of Rds: Evidence from Mouse Models and Subcellular Fractionation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Retinal degeneration slow (Rds) is a photoreceptor-specific tetraspanin glycoprotein essential for photoreceptor outer segment (OS) morphogenesis. Over 80 mutations in this protein are associated with several different retinal diseases. Rds forms a mixture of disulfide-linked homomeric dimers, octamers, and higher-order oligomers, with Cys150 playing a crucial role in its oligomerization. Rds also forms noncovalent homo- and hetero-tetramers with its nonglycosylated homologue, Rom-1. Here, we evaluated the subcellular site of Rds oligomerization and the pattern of Rds/Rom-1 complex assembly in several types of knockout mice, including rhodopsin (Rho-/-, lacking rod OS), Rom-1 (Rom-1-/-), neural retina leucine zipper (Nrl-/-, cone-dominant), and in comparison with wild-type (WT, rod-dominant) mice. Oligomerization and the pattern of complex assembly were also evaluated in OS-enriched vs OS-depleted preparations from WT and Rom-1-/- retinas. Velocity sedimentation under reducing- and nonreducing conditions and co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed the presence of Rds mainly as homo- and hetero-tetramers with Rom-1 in the photoreceptor inner segment (IS), while higher-order, disulfide-linked intermediate complexes and oligomers were exclusively present in the photoreceptor OS. Rom-1-independent oligomerization of Rds was observed in Rom-1-/- retinas. The pattern of Rds complexes in cones from Nrl-/- mice was comparable to that in rods from WT mice. On the basis of these findings, we propose that Rds traffics from the IS to the OS as homo- and hetero-tetramers, with subsequent disulfide-linked oligomerization occurring concomitant with OS disc morphogenesis (at either the base of OS or the tip of the connecting cilium). These results suggest that Rds mutations that interfere with tetramer formation can block Rds trafficking to the OS, leading to loss-of-function defects.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".