Removal of Adsorbable Organic Halides (AOX) from Recycled Pulp and Paper (P&P) Mill Effluent Using Granular Activated Carbon–Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (GAC-SBBR)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Paper mills generate varieties of pollutants depending upon the type of the pulping process. The wastewaters discharged from these mills have high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour, in which indicating high concentrations of recalcitrant organics. This study was conducted using a Granular Activated Carbon – Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (GAC-SBBR) of 3.0 L working volume, operated in an aerobic condition and packed with 200 gL-1 of 2-3 mm granular activated carbon (coconut shells) as a medium for the biofilm growth. For the six of months, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was set at 36 hours and later it was adjusted to 24 hours in order to evaluate the performance of the system. The treated wastewater samples for these studies were taken from a recycled pulp and paper mill factory in Pahang, Malaysia with 4 different batch characteristics. The adsorbable organic halides (AOX) that had been determined and treated were pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,5-TeCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2-chlorophenol (CP) and phenol at various concentration ranges. The Monod growth kinetic parameters for the process specific growth rate coefficient (µh), half saturation coefficient (Ks), endogenous decay coefficient (DH) and Yield coefficient (YH) obtained were 0.0037 hr-1, 65.23 mgL-1, 4x10-5 hr-1 and 0.36 mg/mg, respectively. Analysis of the growth kinetic parameters in GAC-SBBR had deduced that the system was suitable to operate on long biomass retention time (BRT) under anoxic condition. The results also indicated that the biofilm attached onto granular activated carbon (GAC) can substantially remove these recalcitrant organics in the wastewater, within the range of 10 – 100% AOX removal depending on the selected HRTs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".