Male territorial aggression and androgen modulation in high latitude populations of the Sooty, Passerella iliaca sinuosa, and Red Fox Sparrow, Passerella iliaca zaboria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Fox Sparrows, Passerella iliaca , include multiple groups and subspecies distributed at several latitudes from the Alaskan arctic to the southwestern United States. As such, this species represents a potential model for investigating latitudinal variation in androgen secretion and aggressive territoriality in male passerines. Breeding male Fox Sparrows from two subspecies within two groups, the Sooty Fox Sparrow, P. i. sinuosa , and the Red Fox Sparrow, P. i. zaboria , were assessed for aggressive territoriality and androgen responsiveness at multiple latitudes in arctic and subarctic Alaska. Subarctic Sooty Fox Sparrows had higher circulating androgen levels in the early (8.54 ng/ml) versus mid–late breeding season (2.44 ng/ml). Males in the mid–late breeding season did not up-regulate androgen secretion in response to social challenge, but were aggressive and spent more time within 5 m of a decoy during a simulated territorial intrusion (STI) than early breeding males. Male subarctic Red Fox Sparrows had slightly higher circulating androgen levels (2.29 ng/ml) than arctic males (1.10 ng/ml) in the mid–late breeding season. However, androgen levels were not correlated with blood collection time after a social challenge in either group, suggesting that neither arctic nor subarctic males up-regulate androgen secretion during the mid–late breeding period. Arctic males spent more time within 5 m of a decoy and sang less than subarctic males during an STI in the mid–late breeding season. These findings demonstrate that the Fox Sparrow is a tractable model for investigating the latitudinal regulation of aggressive territoriality and androgen responsiveness in passerines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".