Economic and Organizational Issues in Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis of Down Syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the economic and organizational issues in the introduction of maternal serum screening (MSS) for Down syndrome (DS) in Quebec. Methods: A literature review and an economic analysis were performed. Relevant ethical and organizational questions were examined. Results: MSS could double the number of detected cases, reduce the number of amniocenteses per detected case and the number of procedure-related miscarriage per detected case. Even though MSS is cost-effective, prenatal screening and diagnosis would detect only 50% or less of expected DS cases. Conclusion: Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of prenatal diagnosis of DS are improved using MSS. In spite of this performance, prenatal screening and diagnosis bring about unaffected fetal losses. Voluntary participation to MSS based on a good understanding of risks and advantages of prenatal screening appears essential for ethical reasons. Organizational issues influencing the quality of care have to be taken into account in the policy-making process along with the results of the economic analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.019 | 0.060 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".