Ground‐ice stratigraphy and formation at North Head, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, western Arctic Canada: a product of glacier–permafrost interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Glacially deformed permafrost at North Head, in the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands of western Arctic Canada, contains a complex ground‐ice stratigraphy that formed during the course of the last glacial–interglacial cycle. Two generations of ground ice are distinguished within a single stratigraphic sequence. Pre‐deformation ice has been glacially deformed or eroded beneath the cold‐based margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) during Marine Isotope Stage 2. Such ice comprises (1) buried basal ice, (2) massive segregated ice and (3) ice clasts subglacially eroded from pre‐existing ground ice. In contrast, post‐deformation ice has not been glacially disturbed because it formed during or after deglaciation; it includes (4) dykes and sills of intrusive ice, (5) massive segregated‐intrusive ice, (6) ice wedges and composite wedges, (7) segregated ice and (8) pool ice. The superimposition of post‐deformation intrusive ice and massive segregated‐intrusive ice into permafrost containing pre‐deformation ground ice indicates that substantial quantities of overpressurized water were injected into ice‐marginal permafrost during or after deglaciation. The required external water source for the post‐deformation intrusive ice was probably overpressurized subpermafrost groundwater in front of the retreating margin of the LIS. Injection of this water into proglacial permafrost hydraulically fractured the permafrost and formed ice dykes, ice sills and massive segregated‐intrusive ice. A two‐stage model of massive‐ice development can be reconciled with known permafrost and glacial conditions in the ice‐marginal context of the Late Wisconsinan LIS. The model probably applies to some other glaciated terrains of the western Canadian Arctic. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".