Bibliographic record
Abstract
Paul-Henri Spaak (1899-1972) est l’un des principaux hommes politiques de la Belgique au XXe siècle. Il fut Premier ministre à trois reprises (1938-1939, 1946 et 1947-1949) mais aussi président de plusieurs instances européennes et secrétaire général de l’OTAN. Sa carrière militante commence, de manière éphémère, dans les rangs libéraux et s’achève dans la mouvance francophone mais demeure surtout liée, de manière fort complexe, au socialisme belge pendant presque un demisiècle. Premier chef de gouvernement socialiste de son pays, Paul-Henri Spaak est tour à tour un militant contestataire et un leader controversé. C’est cette relation complexe avec sa formation politique que décrypte cet article. Il restitue les moments de symbiose (planisme, débuts de la Guerre froide et construction européenne) et les éléments de divergence (atlantisme, reconnaissance de l’Espagne franquiste, querelle linguistique) entre Paul-Henri Spaak et le parti socialiste de Belgique, et illustre ainsi la forte autonomie dont il a toujours fait preuve.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".