Oxygen-Free Methane Aromatization in a Catalytic Membrane Reactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low-temperature oxygen-free methane aromatization (OFMA) was carried out in a multifunctional membrane fixed-bed catalytic reactor for the production of benzene and high-purity hydrogen. A 0.5% Ru−3% Mo−HZSM-5 catalyst was used in the temperature range 773−873 K. To assess the beneficial contribution of the membrane, OFMA was conducted without permeation in a fixed-bed (FB) conventional configuration as well as with permeation in a membrane catalytic reactor (MCR) configuration. Selective crosswise withdrawal of produced hydrogen not only led to benzene production in the MCR of twice that in the FB configuration but also, at the highest tested temperature, boosted the conversion of methane to benzene slightly above the thermodynamic limit. However, because of continuous withdrawal of coproduced hydrogen, catalyst deactivation was more pronounced in the MCR configuration than in the FB configuration. Experiments exploring various FB and MCR operating conditions allowed the elaboration of a phenomenological reaction-separation model matching the observed behavior under steady-state conditions for both configurations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".