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Record W2047479485 · doi:10.7202/1008361ar

Le financement de la Mittelstand allemande

2012· article· fr· W2047479485 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
David B. Audretsch, Julie-Ann Elston

Bibliographic record

VenueRevue internationale P M E Économie et gestion de la petite et moyenne entreprise · 2012
Typearticle
Languagefr
FieldEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
TopicEuropean Socioeconomic and Political Studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsHumanitiesPolitical sciencePhysicsPhilosophy

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Dans cet article, les auteurs cherchent à décrire comment la Mittelstand, c’est-à- dire les petites et moyennes entreprises, est financée en Allemagne. La première section rend compte du rôle de la Mittelstand allemande d’un point de vue statique et dynamique et établit des comparaisons avec les situations observables dans les principaux pays industriels développés. De manière générale, on s’aperçoit que la Mittelstand a joué un rôle plus important en Allemagne que dans des pays comme les États-Unis ou le Royaume-Uni. Le succès récurrent de la Mittelstand peut être expliqué par référence au système financier allemand qui se révèle largement relayé par des institutions connexes installées afin de satisfaire aux besoins spécifiques des grandes entreprises et des PME. Parallèlement, il est possible de prouver que malgré l’existence d’un tel système de financement, il existe une relation négative entre la taille des entreprises et la contrainte de liquidité qu’elles subissent. Il apparaît, enfin, que le système financier allemand se révèle particulièrement peu performant en ce qui concerne sa capacité à affecter des fonds aux entreprises naissantes dans les nouveaux secteurs d’activité.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.012
Threshold uncertainty score0.033

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0030.002
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0100.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.024
GPT teacher head0.253
Teacher spread0.228 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2012
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

Explore more

Same venueRevue internationale P M E Économie et gestion de la petite et moyenne entrepriseSame topicEuropean Socioeconomic and Political StudiesFrench-language works237,207