The Nucleation and Freezing of Dilute Nitric Acid Aerosols
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the kinetically constrained phase diagram for nitric acid−water aerosols over the range of nitric acid mole fractions from 0 to 0.5, measured using a temperature-programmable cryogenic flow tube. The freezing temperatures of the aerosol particles, which have radii on the order of 1 μm, are 30−90 K lower than those of the bulk, and the liquid−solid phase boundaries are modified by the differences in the activation energies for nucleation of the nitric acid hydrates. We infer from the shapes of the respective supersaturation curves that water ice nucleates in the liquid droplets at nitric acid mole fractions below about 0.15, and nitric acid trihydrate grows on these ice nuclei. At higher concentrations, nitric acid dihydrate crystals nucleate, and either ice or nitric acid trihydrate crystals grow on the nuclei. Using realistic estimates of the nucleation rate constants, we conclude that ice will nucleate homogeneously in upper tropospheric clouds having nitric acid mole fractions as high as 0.1 if the temperature decreases to 210 K.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".