Waterflooding Performance of Stratified Reservoirs with Bottom-Water Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Many reservoirs in North America contain a high water saturation zone "bottom-water" underlying the oil zone. Waterflooding under such conditions is typically ineffective because of chanelling of water through the bottom-water zone. However, in some cases, waterflooding such reservoirs may still be feasible and economically viable. While there is no doubt that some of the injected water bypasses the oil zone through the bottom-water zone, most of the injected water may still displace the oil, depending on the reservoir conditions. Therefore, a mechanistic understanding of oil displacement by a waterflood in the presence of a bottom-water zone is the basis for predicting recovery performance, and there is a need for developing a mathematical model to describe water channeling under bottom-water conditions. In this paper, a new simple analytical model was developed to predict waterflood performance in stratified reservoirs when a water zone is present. Given the reservoir description, the new mathematical model can be used to describe the amount of water channeling into the bottom-water, calculate pressure distribution in each layer and together with a prediction of oil recovery. Results of the mathematical predictions are compared with experimental and simulation results, showing good agreement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".