Geochemical and mineralogical indicators for aqueous processes in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater, Mars
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water played a major role in the formation and alteration of rocks and soils in the Columbia Hills. The extent of alteration ranges from moderate to extensive. Five distinct rock compositional classes were identified; the order for degree of alteration is Watchtower ≅ Clovis > Wishstone ≅ Peace > Backstay. The rover's wheels uncovered one unusual soil (Paso Robles) that is the most S‐rich material encountered. Clovis class rocks have compositions similar to Gusev plains soil but with higher Mg, Cl, and Br and lower Ca and Zn; Watchtower and Wishstone classes have high Al, Ti, and P and low Cr and Ni; Peace has high Mg and S and low Al, Na, and K; Backstay basalts have high Na and K compared to plains Adirondack basalts; and Paso Robles soil has high S and P. Some rocks are corundum‐normative, indicating that their primary compositions were changed by loss and/or gain of rock‐forming elements. Clovis materials consist of magnetite, nanophase ferric‐oxides (npOx), hematite, goethite, Ca‐phosphates, Ca‐ and Mg‐sulfates, pyroxene, and secondary aluminosilicates. Wishstone and Watchtower rocks consist of Fe‐oxides/oxyhydroxides, ilmenite, Ca‐phosphate, pyroxene, feldspar, Mg‐sulfates, and secondary aluminosilicates. Peace consists of magnetite, npOx, Mg‐ and Ca‐sulfates, pyroxene, olivine, feldspar, apatite, halides, and secondary aluminosilicates. Paso Robles consists of Fe 3+ ‐, Mg‐, Ca‐, and other sulfates, Ca‐phosphates, hematite, halite, allophane, and amorphous silica. Columbia Hills outcrops and rocks may have formed by the aqueous alteration of basaltic rocks, volcaniclastic materials, and/or impact ejecta by solutions that were rich in acid‐volatile elements.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it