Post-Communist Civil-Military Reform in Poland and Hungary: Progress and Problems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article critically analyzes post-Communist Polish and Hungarian civil-military reforms in the context of five issues: (1) the dismantling of Communist-era control mechanisms; (2) the establishment of clear and constitutionally-guaranteed lines of civilian authority; (3) the enactment of necessary legislation, rules, and regulations to put into effect a system of democratic oversight; (4) the reorganization of military structures; and (5) the provision of sufficient resources for military reform and operations. Although both states were sufficiently reformed to allow for their ascension to the NATO alliance in early 1999, this study comes to a more positive overall assessment of Poland's reform efforts because most key civil-military reforms have either been completed or are moving (albeit sometimes quite slowly) in a positive direction. In the case of Hungary, significant progress has also occurred, but the reform program-which got off to a fast start has slowed considerably and may be threatened with reverses by a severe budgetary and procurement crisis that shows few (if any) signs of improving.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".